Wednesday, February 24, 2016

AFTER TWENTY YEARS

By O. Henry

(Abridged and adapted)

People often say that friendship lasts forever. In this story O. Henry tells about the friendship between Bob and Jimmy. The two friends grew up in New York like two brothers. They arrange to meet after twenty years of separation.

The policeman moved up the road slowly and looking important. Looking important was his habit and not for show, for there were not many people watching him. The time was nearly 10 o'clock at night and the streets were almost empty because of the strong wind and rain, which had forced most people to stay at home.

Testing whether doors were locked as he went along, moving his club and looking from time to time at everything around him, the police officer looked a fine sight. The area was one that kept early hours. From time to time, you might see the lights of a store or of an all-night restaurant. However, the majority of the doors belonged to business places that had been closed hours before.

In the middle of a certain street, the policeman suddenly slowed his walk. In the dark doorway of a hardware store a man was standing, with a cigar in his mouth. As the policeman walked up to him the man spoke up quickly.

“It's all right, officer,” the man said, in a confident manner. “I'm just waiting for a friend. It's an appointment that we made twenty years ago. Sounds a little funny doesn't it? Well, I'll explain if you'd like to be sure everything is alright. About twenty years ago there used to be a restaurant where this store stands now— ‘Big Joe’ Brady's restaurant.”

“Yes, until five years ago, it was here,” said the policeman. “Joe Brady's restaurant was pulled down five years ago.”

The man in the doorway lit his cigar. In the light the policeman saw that the man’s face was pale, and square, with sharp eyes. There was a little white scar near the man’s right eye. The man was wearing a scarf and the ends of the scarf were held together by a gold pin. There was a large shining and sparkling diamond in the centre of the pin.

“Twenty years ago tonight,” said the man, “I ate dinner here at ‘Big Joe’ Brady's with Jimmy Wells, my best friend, and the finest person in the world. He and I grew up together. We were raised here in New York, and we were as close as two brothers. I was eighteen and Jimmy was twenty. The next morning I was going to leave for the Western part of America to make my fortune. But you couldn't have pulled Jimmy out of New York. He thought that New York was the best place on earth. Well, we agreed that night that we would meet here again exactly twenty years from that date and time, no matter what happened, whatever our conditions might be or no matter how far we had to travel. We thought that in twenty years each of us ought to have our destiny worked out and our fortunes made, whatever they were going to be.”

“That sounds very interesting,” said the policeman. “Rather a long time between meets, though, it seems to me. In fact, twenty years is a long time to wait before getting together.  Have you heard from your friend since you parted?”

“Well, yes, for a time we wrote letters to each other,” said the other. “But after a year or two we stopped writing and we did not keep in touch after that. You see, the West is a pretty big, and I was very busy. But I know Jimmy will meet me here if he's alive, for he always was the truest, most reliable person in the world. He'll never forget. I came a thousand miles to stand at this door tonight, and it's worth it if my old friend shows up.”

The waiting man pulled out a beautiful watch. The policeman saw that the hands of the watch were made of small diamonds.

“It’s three minutes to ten,” the waiting man said. “It was exactly ten o'clock when we parted here at the restaurant door twenty years ago.”

“You did very well out there in the West, didn't you?” asked the policeman.
“Sure did! I hope Jimmy has done half as well. He was not as bold as I was, though, good man though he was. I've had to compete with some of the smartest people in the world in order to become rich. I managed to make a lot of money. You have to be quite smart to do well in New York, but out West I learned how to be very smart".

The policeman walked back a few steps.

“I'll be on my way now. I need to go. I hope that your best friend comes around all right. How long are you going to wait for him if he does not arrive?”

“I will wait!” said the man from the West. “I'll wait for him half an hour at least. If Jimmy is alive on earth he'll be here by that time. So long, officer”

“Good-night, sir,” said the policeman, passing along the street, testing the doors as he went.
The rain was falling lightly, and the wind had become stronger. The few people who were out on the street hurried along in their thick coats and with their hands in their pockets. And in the door of the hardware store stood the man who had come a thousand miles to keep an appointment with the friend of his youth. He smoked his cigar and waited.

He waited about twenty minutes. After twenty minutes passed, a tall man in a long coat hurried across from the opposite side of the street. Most of his face was covered by his scarf. The tall man went directly to the man waiting at the door.

The tall man asked doubtfully, “Is that you, Bob?”

“Is that you, Jimmy Wells?” shouted the man who was standing at the door. "I knew you would come, and here you are!"

“Bless my heart!” shouted the tall man, throwing his arms around the other man. “It's Bob, for sure. I was certain I would find you here if you were still alive. Well, well, well!—twenty years is a long time. The old restaurant's gone, Bob. I wish it had lasted, so we could have had another dinner there now. How has the West treated you?”

“The West treated me well. It has given me everything I wanted to have. You have changed a lot, Jimmy. I never thought you were so tall. You look two or three inches taller than you were at the time when I saw you last.”

“Oh, I grew a bit taller after I was twenty.”

“Are you doing well in New York, Jimmy?”

“I am doing OK. I have a good job in one of the New York City departments. Come on, Bob. We'll go to a place I know, and have a good long talk about old times.”

The two men started to walk up the street, arm in arm. The man from the West felt happy about his successful life. He started telling his success story to his friend. He talked about his life in the West and his history. The other man, covering his face with his scarf, listened with interest.

At the corner of the street there was a store, with very bright electric lights. When they came into these lights, each of them turned at the same time to look at the other's face.

The man from the West stopped suddenly and released the other man's arm.

“You're not Jimmy Wells,” he said in a sad voice. “Twenty years is a long time. However, twenty years’ time is not long enough to change the shape of a nose. Your nose is not Jimmy’s nose.”

“Twenty years sometimes changes a good man into a bad one,” said the tall man. “You've been under arrest for ten minutes. Chicago police thought you may have arrived in New York. They sent us a message telling us that they want to talk with you. Now, walk quietly, please. Don’t try to run away. Be reasonable. Before we go to the police station here's a letter I was asked to give you. You may read it here at the window. It's from Police Officer Jimmy Wells.”

The man from the West looked at the little piece of paper that was given to him. His hand was steady when he began to read, but it shook a little by the time he had finished. The letter was very short:

Bob: I was at our appointment place on time – I was the policeman. When I saw your face it was the face of the criminal wanted in Chicago. Somehow, I couldn't arrest you. I couldn’t do it. So I went around and got a tall plain clothes policeman to do the job. JIMMY.


Abridged and adapted from the original version by Algirdas Makarevicius: 
After Twenty Years, by O'Henry
http://www.newagepublishers.com/samplechapter/000558.pdf  

Friday, February 19, 2016

ACADEMIC VOCABULARY


There will be a vocabulary test. Explain meanings of the following words and give your own sentences with them:

1.     attention ……………………………………………………………………………

2.     attentive ……………………………………………………………………………

3.     the centre of attention ……………………………………………………………

4.     eye contact …………………………………………………………………………

5.     portfolio ……………………………………………………………………………

6.     boring ………………………………………………………………………………

7.     approach (noun) ………………………………………………………………………

8.     to hurt smb’s feelings ………………………………………………………………

9.     to agree with someone ………………………………………………………………

10.  disagree ………………………………………………………………………………

11.  disagreement …………………………………………………………………………

12.  research ………………………………………………………………………………

13.  researcher ………………………………………………………………………………

14.  researchable ……………………………………………………………………………

15.  weakness ………………………………………………………………………………

16.  concept …………………………………………………………………………………

17.  professional ……………………………………………………………………………

18.  professionally …………………………………………………………………………

19.  professionalism ……………………………………………………………………

20.  punctual ………………………………………………………………………………
         
21.  punctuality ……………………………………………………………………………

22.  exaggerate ……………………………………………………………………………

23.  exaggeration …………………………………………………………………………

24.  learning outcome ……………………………………………………………………

25.  hypothesis ……………………………………………………………………………

26.  option ………………………………………………………………………………

27.  coincidence …………………………………………………………………………

28.  thesis statement ………………………………………………………………………

29.  coincide ………………………………………………………………………………

30.  maintenance ……………………………………………………………………………

31.  selected …………………………………………………………………………………

32.  selection …………………………………………………………………………………

33.  selective …………………………………………………………………………………

34.  demonstrate ……………………………………………………………………………

35.  acquisition …………………………………………………………………………

36.  uniformity ……………………………………………………………………………

37.  facilitate ……………………………………………………………………………

38.  facilitator ………………………………………………………………………………

39.  accomplishment …………………………………………………………………………

40.  consistency ………………………………………………………………………………

41.  constantly …………………………………………………………………………………

42.  considerable ……………………………………………………………………………

43.  considerably …………………………………………………………………………

44.  confide ……………………………………………………………………………

45.  confidence …………………………………………………………………………

46.  potential ……………………………………………………………………………

47.  confidentiality …………………………………………………………………………

48.  confidently ……………………………………………………………………………

49.  confidentially …………………………………………………………………………

50. confidential …………………………………………………………………………..

Thursday, February 11, 2016

THE COP AND THE ANTHEM

By O. Henry 

(Abridged and adapted)

On his bench in Madison Square in New York, Soapy, a poor homeless man, moved nervously. It had become much colder than before. He was nervous about the coming winter, and how he would manage his life on the streets. 

A dead leaf fell off a tree onto Soapy's lap. This was a message – a warning that winter was approaching. This was a message that homeless people should prepare themselves for the coming winter.

Soapy understood that the time has come to prepare for a cold winter. He needed to plan what to do next. So, he nervously moved on his bench.

Soapy didn’t have a lot of options. He was not rich, so he could not go to a warm place like Italy or Hawaii. Three months in prison on the Island was what he wanted. Three months of food and a bed and friendly company. He would be safe from cold winds and life on the street. This is what he wanted. 

The rich people in New York had bought their tickets to go to warm beaches. Soapy too had to make his arrangements. On the previous night, three Sunday newspapers had failed to keep him warm on the bench. He looked forward to a small, warm room in the Island prison. 

Soapy, having decided to go to the Island, at once set about his plan. There were many easy ways of doing this. He needed to get arrested by the police for committing a crime. The most pleasant way to do this was to eat at an expensive restaurant. Then, when he couldn’t pay for the meal he would be handed to a policeman. A judge in court would do the rest.

Soapy left his bench and walked away from the square. He stopped at a very nice restaurant, where every night you could find the best drinks and food.

Soapy had total confidence in himself. He had shaved, and his coat was clean and he had a nice black tie. If he could reach a table in the restaurant without getting thrown out, success would be his. He would order a roasted duck, a cup of espresso and a cigar. After he finished he would say that he couldn’t pay. Then they would arrest him – the first step to getting into prison.

But as soon as Soapy entered the restaurant, the waiter noticed his dirty trousers and worn out shoes. Strong hands turned him about and pushed him out of the restaurant. There would be no duck. 

Disappointed, Soapy walked away. He must think of another way of breaking the law so he could enter the nice, warm jail on the Island.

At a corner of Sixth Avenue, Soapy took a stone and threw it at a shop window, breaking it into a thousand pieces. People came running around the corner. A policeman came up to Soapy and asked, "Where's the man who did that?" 

"Don't you think that I might have done it?" said Soapy.

The policeman did not even consider the possibility. Men who break windows do not stay around to talk about it with the police. They usually run away as fast as they can. The policeman saw a man some distance away running to catch a taxi. He ran after the man. Soapy, with sadness in his heart, went away. He had been unsuccessful twice!

There was a cheap restaurant on the opposite side of the street. This restaurant served people who wanted to eat a lot but had little money. It was crowded. At a table, he sat and ate steak, donuts, and a pie. When he finished he told the waiter that he didn’t have any money to pay for the food. He added:

"Now, do what you have to and call a policeman. Don't keep a gentleman waiting."

"No policeman for you," said the waiter, with a tough voice.

Two waiters threw Soapy onto the dusty sidewalk outside the restaurant. He got up slowly and beat the dust from his clothes. The prison on the Island seemed very far away. A policeman who stood outside a pharmacy two doors away laughed and walked down the street.

Soapy continued to walk for a little while before he was ready to commit a new crime. This time, the opportunity looked very simple. A young and pretty woman was standing in front of a shop window, looking at the goods inside. A large policeman was standing two meters away.

Soapy walked toward the young woman. He smiled at her and acted in a very rude way. Soapy saw that the policeman was watching him carefully. The young woman moved away a few steps and continued to look inside the shop window. Soapy followed her and said:

"Hey there sweetheart! Do you want to talk?"

The policeman was still looking. The young woman only needed to look at the policeman and Soapy would be on his way to the Island. The young woman faced him and, extending a hand said:

“Sure, Mike, How about you take me to a coffee shop? I wanted to speak to your earlier but the policeman was watching us."

Greatly disappointed and angry, Soapy walked past the policeman with the woman.

At the next corner, Soapy left the woman and ran. He came into a district of restaurants and theaters. 

Rich women and men, nicely dressed, walked around. A sudden idea came to Soapy. When he came to another policeman who was standing in front of a theater, he decided that he would try to commit the crime of “disorderly conduct” – behaving in a bad way.

He began to shout. He danced, shouted and talked wildly.

The policeman looked at him, and then turned his back to Soapy and said to a man walking by,

"It’s one of those Yale students celebrating their win in the football against Harvard. They are noisy, but they are harmless. We have been told not to arrest them."

Soapy stopped his noise. He felt disappointed again. Would a policeman never arrest him? The Island seemed like a dream that he could never arrive at. 

In a small store, he saw a well-dressed man lighting a cigarette. Soapy stepped inside, took the umbrella which was there on a stand and walked off with it slowly. The man who owned the umbrella followed him quickly.

"My umbrella," he said, angrily.

"Oh, is it? Well, why don't you call a policeman? I took it! Look, a policeman is standing on the corner."

The umbrella man slowed down. Soapy did the same. The policeman looked at the two men.

“Of course,” said the umbrella man—“that is—well, you know how these mistakes occur—I—if it's your umbrella I hope you'll excuse me—I picked it up this morning in a restaurant—If you recognize it as yours, why—I hope you'll—”

"Of course it's mine," said Soapy, angrily.

The other man went away, and the policeman turned away. 

Soapy walked eastward. He threw the umbrella away. He hated policemen. They seemed to treat him as a king who could do no wrong.

He started walking toward Madison Square towards his bench.

But on a quiet corner Soapy stopped. He saw an old church. He saw a light through the window. An organist was playing some music. Soapy liked the music. He stopped and listened. 

The moon was shining beautifully in the sky. There were no people around. There were no cars. And the music that the organist played made Soapy stop. He remembered the days when his life contained family, flowers, ambitions, friends, good thoughts and nice people.

The music made a great change occur within Soapy. He thought with shame of the terrible life he had lived over the past few years: the bad days, dead hopes and wrong decisions.

And his heart responded to this new emotion. An immediate and strong desire moved him to fight against his present lifestyle. He must change it!

He would pull himself out of his sad life. He would make a new man of himself. There was time. He was still young. He could go back to work. This beautiful and sweet organ music had changed his heart and his mind! Tomorrow he would find a job. He could get a job as a driver. He would be somebody in the world. He would—

Soapy felt a hand on his arm. He looked around into the face of a policeman.

"What are you doing here?" asked the officer.

"Nothing," said Soapy.

"Come along with me," said the policeman.

"Three months on the Island, for loitering with intent", said the judge in the Police Court the next morning.


Abridged and adapted from the original version by Dr. Algirdas Makarevicius
The Cop and the Anthem, by O. Henry
http://www.classicreader.com/book/1757/1/

Friday, February 5, 2016

Test Preparation Material


How to prepare for the test


To prepare for the test, please study the following (click on the links below):

Grammar 

Prepositions (tests)

Paraphrasing

Academic research

Academic essay  writing (and genres of essay writing)

Prepare to give answers to ten questions


Best regards,

Algirdas

Wednesday, February 3, 2016

Paraphrase: Task 1

Read and paraphrase the following passages:

Passage 1

Imagine going to a restaurant where all the best foods from around the world are available at the same reasonable price. You wouldn't order the exactly the same dish night after night. Now, imagine you had a series of several meetings at the same restaurant with a business counterpart to discuss important issues. You wouldn't expect them to order that exact same dish and nothing else over and over. Well, just like individuals vary in their preferences for food, different people can be motivated by different influence methods in different situations.


Retrieved: Lynda dot com.


Passage 2

Language is the most important component of culture. It would be impossible to catch the subtlest nuances and meanings of other cultures without knowing the language.

Learning a second, third or fourth language is easier in early childhood than at an older age. It is particularly important to learn correct pronunciation when a person is young. At any age, learning by constant contact with native speakers in their own society is the quickest and best way.

Language is the main means of communication between people. But so many different languages have developed that language has often been a barrier rather than an aid to understanding among people. For many years, people have dreamed of setting up a universal language which is simple and obvious to all people. If all people spoke the same tongue, cultural and economic ties might be much closer, and better relationship will increase between countries.


Retrieved: Kispert, J. (2004). Language and Its Barriers. USA: Pearson Education, Inc.


Passage 3

Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head.


Retrieved: Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers. (1990, May). Consumer Reports, 55, p.348-353.


Sunday, January 31, 2016

How to Start Academic Research


Steps of the Research Process

There are certain steps you should follow:


(1) What is the problem? Select a general topic that interests you in some way and formulate a title.

The first step for any research paper is to formulate a question you want to answer. Being clear on the question makes it easier to formulate a research strategy for finding the best information about this question.

Here are some examples of research questions:
Is obesity in children a form of child abuse?
What are the best interventions for preventing youth violence in Asian urban communities?
How can social workers best meet the needs of children of illegal immigrants?
Are there proven ways to increase trust when urban communities become polarized?
When starting your research you may or may not have a clear question but by starting with an idea and formulating this idea into a question you will be able to review the literature already written on this topic which will likely help you to refine and narrow your questions or give you ideas for new research questions you may not have though about previously.


(2) What is the background?

Start your research with general background resources. This will help you to become familiar with the research history in the area related to your problem/question. Reading general background also helps researchers become familiar with terminology and jargon used in specific research areas. Knowing the words experts use will help you find to craft a better search when you begin searching for information in books and scholarly journals.

Examples of general resources to consider include the following:

Encyclopedias
Google books
Textbooks
Handbooks
Newspapers
Journals
Magazines


(3) Find the past and current research in the field.

Find information in the library and the Internet: videos, archives, special collections, journal titles, books and many other electronic resources. 


(4) Find the past & current research - articles.

The next step in the research process is to find scholarly journal articles appropriate to your topic. 


(5) Collect, evaluate critically and write. Quote and paraphrase.


(6) Classify information and write references in APA style. To learn how to write references in APA style, study the following:

Basics of APA Style

APA Bibliography Format

APA Citation Guide


Saturday, January 30, 2016

Academic Essay


How to Write a Good Academic Essay

Learn how to write an essay in four basic simple steps. Follow the following four simple steps and you will be able to write a good academic essay.


1. Write the introduction
  • Explain your topic clearly and briefly.
  • Introduce the main idea.
  • Introduce the fundamental questions.
  • Explain how you will answer the questions.
  • Make it attractive to the reader. Make it pleasant to read.

2. Write the main body of the essay
  • Make sure that each point is given a new paragraph.
  • Use words or phrases that show how it relates to the previous paragraph, e.g., 'however', ‘in addition', ‘moreover' (see cohesion).
  • Begin each paragraph with an important topic sentence; it should explicitly link it to the rest of the essay. Read about paragraph writing here.
  • Give clear and supporting evidence for each point that you make. 
  • Paraphrase and avoid plagiarism.

3. Write the conclusion
  • Describe briefly the main ideas.
  • Demonstrate how you proved your attitude (i.e. how you think).
  • Later you can write, e.g., “The following conclusions have been made: …” and then mention them, like “First, …, Second, … Third, …. Finally,…”
  • Finish your essay with an interesting or surprising idea, suggestion, recommendation or comment.

4. Edit your essay. Read attentively what you wrote.
  • Check spelling, punctuation, tenses (use present simple or simple past tense). 
  • Delete anything that is not very important. 
  • Change vocabulary to improve expression. 
  • Use synonyms as often as possible. Do not repeat the same words many times.
  • Read what you wrote. Read five times or more. 
  • Use eraser as often as possible. 
  • Edit, delete, correct, rewrite, proofread. 
  • Repeat the above a few times.

Genres of Essay Writing

There are four genres of essay writing. First, read a general description of essay writing. To start reading, click here

When you finish reading general description of essay writing, study the following characteristics of the four genres of essay writing (study each genre separately):
  1. Expository
  2. Descriptive
  3. Narrative
  4. Argumentative / Persuasive
You have to explore the features of the above genres to be able to write a good academic essay.